Thomas Eixelberger, Thomas Wittenberg, Jerome Perret, Uwe Katzky, Martina Simon, Stephanie Schmitt-Rüth, Mathias Hofer, M. Sorge, R. Jacob, Felix B. Engel, A. Gostian, Christoph Palm, Daniela Franz

Virtual training of bone milling requires realtime and realistic haptics of the interaction between the ”virtual mill” and a ”virtual bone”. We propose an exponential abrasion model between a virtual one and the mill bit and combine it with a coarse representation of the virtual bone and the mill shaft for collision detection using the Bullet Physics Engine. We compare our exponential abrasion model to a widely used linear abrasion model and evaluate it quantitatively and qualitatively. The evaluation results show, that we can provide virtual milling in real-time, with an abrasion behavior similar to that proposed in the literature and with a realistic feeling of five different surgeons.